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NBFEDNO_ALL
(M55Z_X)
Liquids given before breastmilk, first 3 days: Nothing
NBFEDNO_ALL variables are 1-digit variables.
Codes
0 = No, given something
1 = Yes, given nothing
8 = Missing
9 = NIU (not in universe)
Description
For women who gave birth in the last three to five years, NBFEDNO_ALL (M55Z_x) indicates whether the child was given nothing (i.e., no supplemental fluids) to drink in the first three days after the birth. Some children may have been fed the mother's colostrum, a nourishing milky fluid that comes from the breast before true milk appears.
NBFEDNO_ALL consists of a set of six separate variables, covering the most recent birth (NBFEDNO_01) up to the sixth-most-recent birth (i.e., NBFEDNO_02, NBFEDNO_03, NBFEDNO_04, NBFEDNO_05, and NBFEDNO_06) during the reference period prior to the survey. If NBFEDNO_ALL is included in a data extract, all these separate variables are included in a researcher's data file.
For surveys including this question, information for this variable was collected on all births, up to a maximum of six, in the reference period. In many cases, data were hypothetically collected on up to six births, but no women in the survey had so many births (e.g., no woman had 4 or more births in 3 years, or had 5 or 6 births in 5 years). If, for example, no woman in a survey had 6 births in five years and only blank values were included in the original DHS file, then NBFEDNO_06 would not be available for that survey in IPUMS-DHS.
As documented in the Comparability section, many surveys collected this information for the last-born child only (NBFEDNO_01).
Comparability
Along with universe differences, NBFEDNO_ALL (M55Z_x) has a slight difference in question wording across samples, in line with the changing wording of the standard question, noted below.
Some samples used the phrase "before your milk began flowing freely" as well as "in the first three days after delivery" to define the reference period; other samples used only the latter phrase. Consult the Survey Text tab to determine question wording for samples of interest.
Comparability - Standard DHS
NBFEDNO_ALL (M55Z_x) is included in Phases IV through VI of the standard DHS questionnaire. In Phase IV, the standard question wording included the clause "before your milk began flowing regularly," but this phrase was dropped in Phase V.
Phase VII of the standard DHS questionnaire includes NBFEDANY_ALL (M55_x), which indicates whether the child was given anything other than breast milk in the first three days after delivery. To maximize comparability, IPUMS-DHS has included the inverse of the responses of NBFEDANY_ALL in NBFEDNO_ALL.
Universe
- Afghanistan 2015: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Angola 2015: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Bangladesh 1997: Ever-married women age 10-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Bangladesh 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Bangladesh 2011: Ever-married women age 12-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Bangladesh 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 3 was ever breastfed.
- Benin 2001: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Benin 2006: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Benin 2011: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Benin 2017: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Burkina Faso 2003: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Burkina Faso 2010: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Burundi 2010: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Burundi 2016: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Cameroon 2004: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Cameroon 2011: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Chad 2004: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed but was not put to the breast "immediately" after birth.
- Chad 2014: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Comoros 2012: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2007: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2013: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Congo Brazzaville 2005: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Congo Brazzaville 2011: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Cote d'Ivoire 2011: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Egypt 2000: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Egypt 2003: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Egypt 2005: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Egypt 2008: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Egypt 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Eswatini (Swaziland) 2006: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Ethiopia 2005: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Ethiopia 2011: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Ethiopia 2016: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Gabon 2012: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Gambia 2013: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Ghana 2003: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Ghana 2008: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Ghana 2014: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Guinea 2005: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Guinea 2012: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- India 2005: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- India 2015: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- India 2019: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Jordan 2002: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Jordan 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Jordan 2009: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Jordan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Jordan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Kenya 2003: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Kenya 2008: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Kenya 2014: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed, in households selected for the long questionnaire.
- Lesotho 2004: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Lesotho 2009: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Lesotho 2014: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Liberia 2007: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Liberia 2013: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Madagascar 2003: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Madagascar 2008: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Malawi 2000: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Malawi 2004: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Malawi 2010: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Malawi 2016: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Mali 2001: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Mali 2006: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Mali 2012: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Morocco 2003: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Mozambique 2003: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Mozambique 2011: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Myanmar 2015: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Namibia 2006: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Namibia 2013: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Nepal 2001: Ever-married women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nepal 2006: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Nepal 2011: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Nepal 2016: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Niger 2006: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Niger 2012: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Nigeria 2003: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Nigeria 2008: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Nigeria 2013: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Pakistan 1991: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed but was not put to the breast "immediately" after birth.
- Pakistan 2006: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Pakistan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Pakistan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Rwanda 2005: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Rwanda 2008: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Rwanda 2010: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Rwanda 2014: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Rwanda 2019: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Sao Tome 2008: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Senegal 2005: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Senegal 2010: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Senegal 2012: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Senegal 2014: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Senegal 2015: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Senegal 2016: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Senegal 2017: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Sierra Leone 2008: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Sierra Leone 2013: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- South Africa 2016: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Tanzania 2004: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Tanzania 2010: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Tanzania 2015: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Togo 2013: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Uganda 2001: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Uganda 2006: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Uganda 2011: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Uganda 2016: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Yemen 2013: Ever-married women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Zambia 2001: Women age 15-49 who gave birth in the 5 years before the survey.
- Zambia 2007: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Zambia 2013: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Zimbabwe 2005: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Zimbabwe 2010: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
- Zimbabwe 2015: Women age 15-49 whose last-born child under age 5 was ever breastfed.
