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The DHS Program, which manages registration and access for IPUMS DHS, is again reviewing new user applications and requests for expanded access from currently approved users.
LIVELIHOOD (LIVELIHOOD)
Livelihood zone of household
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LIVELIHOOD is a categorical variable expressed as a 6-digit numeric variable. The first 3 digits are the ISO country code, and the last 3 digits are the livelihood zone number for that country. Livelihood zones are country-specific.

Codes

-998 = Missing

Please refer to the livelihood zone legend for the list of livelihood zones' labels and codes, categorized by country.

Description

LIVELIHOOD reports the predominant livelihood zone within a 5-kilometer circular buffer around each DHS cluster location. Livelihood zones can be used as an indicator for sources of food and/or income and as a measure of people's vulnerability to hazards, such as flood, drought, food crisis, market disruption, or conflicts.

Information on livelihood zones are available for selected countries of Africa, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, India, Nepal, Nicaragua, and Pakistan. Livelihood zones are country-specific; therefore, codes and labels for LIVELIHOOD vary across countries.

The original LIVELIHOOD zone codes from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) begin with the 2-character alphabetic ISO code followed by the livelihood zone code. In place of the 2-character alphabetic ISO code used in the source data, IPUMS-DHS substitutes the 3-digit ISO country code (e.g., 231 for Ethiopia), followed by the 3-digit numeric livelihood zone code (e.g., 177 for West Central Teff).

LIVELIHOOD, like the other IPUMS-DHS contextual variables, is calculated and based on sources external to the DHS data. For more information on IPUMS-DHS contextual variables and how they are constructed, refer to the documentation on these variables.

Comparability

Livelihood zones are country-specific; therefore, LIVELIHOOD is only comparable within countries.

Comparability - Standard DHS

LIVELIHOOD is a contextual variable based on sources outside the DHS data.

Universe

  • Angola 2015: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Bangladesh 1994: Births to ever-married women age 10-49.
  • Bangladesh 1997: Births to ever-married women age 10-49.
  • Bangladesh 2000: Births to ever-married women age 10-49.
  • Bangladesh 2004: Births to ever-married women age 10-49.
  • Bangladesh 2007: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Bangladesh 2011: Births to ever-married women age 12-49.
  • Bangladesh 2014: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Benin 1996: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Benin 2001: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Benin 2006: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Benin 2011: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Benin 2017: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of birhts).
  • Burkina Faso 1993: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Burkina Faso 1998: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Burkina Faso 2003: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Burkina Faso 2010: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Burundi 1987: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Burundi 2010: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Burundi 2016: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 1991: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 1998: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 2004: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 2011: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Cameroon 2018: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Chad 1996: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Chad 2004: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Chad 2014: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Congo (Democratic Republic) 2007: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Congo (Democratic Republic) 2013: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Cote d'Ivoire 1994: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Cote d'Ivoire 1998: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Cote d'Ivoire 2011: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 1988: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 1992: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 1995: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2000: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2003: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2005: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2008: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Egypt 2014: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2000: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2005: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2011: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2016: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ethiopia 2019: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 1988: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 1993: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 1998: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 2003: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 2008: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Ghana 2014: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Guinea 1999: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Guinea 2005: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Guinea 2012: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Guinea 2018: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • India 1992: Births to ever-married women age 13-49.
  • India 1998: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • India 2005: Births to women age 15-49.
  • India 2015: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 1990: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 1997: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2002: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2007: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2009: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2012: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Jordan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Kenya 1989: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 1993: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 1998: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 2003: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 2008: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Kenya 2014: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Lesotho 2004: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Lesotho 2009: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Lesotho 2014: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Madagascar 1992: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Madagascar 1997: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Madagascar 2003: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Madagascar 2008: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 1992: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 2000: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 2004: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 2010: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Malawi 2016: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Mali 1987: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Mali 1995: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Mali 2001: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Mali 2006: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Mali 2012: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Mali 2018: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Morocco 1987: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Morocco 1992: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Morocco 2003: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Mozambique 1997: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Mozambique 2003: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Mozambique 2011: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Myanmar 2015: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Namibia 1992: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Namibia 2000: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Namibia 2006: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Namibia 2013: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 1996: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 2001: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 2006: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 2011: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Nepal 2016: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Niger 1992: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Niger 1998: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Niger 2006: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Niger 2012: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 1990: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 1999: Births to women age 10-49.
  • Nigeria 2003: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 2008: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 2013: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Nigeria 2018: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Pakistan 1991: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Pakistan 2006: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Pakistan 2012: Births to ever-married women age 15-49.
  • Pakistan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Rwanda 1992: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2000: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2005: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2008: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2010: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Rwanda 2014: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 1986: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 1992: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 1997: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2005: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2010: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2012: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2014: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Senegal 2015: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2016: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Senegal 2017: Births to women age 15-49.
  • South Africa 1998: Births to women age 15-49.
  • South Africa 2016: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 1991: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 1996: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 1999: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 2004: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 2010: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Tanzania 2015: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Togo 1988: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Togo 1998: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Togo 2013: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 1988: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 1995: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Uganda 2001: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Uganda 2006: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Uganda 2011: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Uganda 2016: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Zambia 1992: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 1996: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 2001: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 2007: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 2013: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zambia 2018: All women age 15-49 (for mothers of births).
  • Zimbabwe 1988: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 1994: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 1999: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 2005: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 2010: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Zimbabwe 2015: Births to women age 15-49.
  • Angola: 2015-W, 2015-C, 2015-B, 2015-M, 2015-H
  • Bangladesh: 1994-W, 1994-C, 1994-M, 1994-W, 1994-B, 1994-H, 1997-W, 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-M, 1997-H, 1997-B, 2000-H, 2000-W, 2000-M, 2000-C, 2000-W, 2000-B, 2004-M, 2004-B, 2004-W, 2004-W, 2004-C, 2004-H, 2007-M, 2007-W, 2007-H, 2007-C, 2007-W, 2007-B, 2011-M, 2011-W, 2011-W, 2011-H, 2011-C, 2011-B, 2014-H, 2014-B, 2014-C, 2014-W, 2014-W
  • Benin: 1996-C, 1996-H, 1996-B, 1996-W, 1996-M, 2001-W, 2001-C, 2001-H, 2001-B, 2001-M, 2006-M, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-B, 2006-C, 2006-W, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-C, 2011-W, 2011-H, 2011-W, 2017-W, 2017-C, 2017-B, 2017-M, 2017-H, 2017-W
  • Burkina Faso: 1993-C, 1993-H, 1993-B, 1993-W, 1993-M, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-H, 1998-B, 1998-M, 2003-M, 2003-H, 2003-B, 2003-C, 2003-W, 2010-B, 2010-M, 2010-C, 2010-W, 2010-H
  • Burundi: 1987-W, 1987-C, 1987-B, 2010-W, 2010-H, 2010-M, 2010-B, 2010-C, 2016-C, 2016-B, 2016-W, 2016-M, 2016-H
  • Cameroon: 1991-C, 1991-H, 1991-W, 1991-B, 1991-M, 1998-W, 1998-H, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-M, 2004-M, 2004-H, 2004-B, 2004-C, 2004-W, 2011-B, 2011-C, 2011-M, 2011-W, 2011-H, 2018-W, 2018-C, 2018-B, 2018-M, 2018-H
  • Chad: 1996-W, 1996-C, 1996-B, 1996-M, 1996-H, 2004-W, 2004-C, 2004-B, 2004-M, 2004-H, 2014-W, 2014-C, 2014-B, 2014-M, 2014-H
  • Congo (Democratic Republic): 2007-W, 2007-C, 2007-B, 2007-M, 2007-H, 2013-W, 2013-C, 2013-B, 2013-M, 2013-H
  • Cote d'Ivoire: 1994-W, 1994-C, 1994-B, 1994-M, 1994-H, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-M, 1998-H, 2011-W, 2011-C, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-H
  • Egypt: 1988-W, 1988-B, 1988-C, 1992-W, 1992-W, 1992-H, 1992-B, 1992-C, 1995-C, 1995-B, 1995-H, 1995-W, 1995-W, 2000-C, 2000-W, 2000-H, 2000-B, 2000-W, 2003-B, 2003-C, 2003-W, 2003-H, 2003-W, 2005-B, 2005-W, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-C, 2008-B, 2008-W, 2008-H, 2008-C, 2008-W, 2014-H, 2014-B, 2014-C, 2014-W, 2014-W
  • Ethiopia: 2000-W, 2000-C, 2000-H, 2000-B, 2000-M, 2005-W, 2005-H, 2005-M, 2005-B, 2005-C, 2011-M, 2011-C, 2011-H, 2011-B, 2011-W, 2016-H, 2016-M, 2016-B, 2016-C, 2016-W, 2019-W, 2019-C, 2019-B, 2019-H
  • Ghana: 1988-W, 1988-C, 1988-B, 1993-W, 1993-H, 1993-M, 1993-B, 1993-C, 1998-C, 1998-M, 1998-H, 1998-B, 1998-W, 2003-C, 2003-W, 2003-H, 2003-M, 2003-W, 2003-B, 2008-B, 2008-M, 2008-W, 2008-H, 2008-W, 2008-C, 2014-W, 2014-W, 2014-B, 2014-C, 2014-H, 2014-M, 2016-W, 2016-C, 2016-H
  • Guinea: 1999-W, 1999-C, 1999-H, 1999-B, 1999-M, 2005-W, 2005-H, 2005-M, 2005-B, 2005-C, 2012-B, 2012-M, 2012-C, 2012-H, 2012-W, 2018-W, 2018-C, 2018-B, 2018-M, 2018-H, 2018-W
  • India: 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1992-H, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-H, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-M, 2005-B, 2005-C, 2005-W, 2015-W, 2015-C, 2015-B, 2015-M, 2015-H, 2015-W
  • Jordan: 1990-W, 1990-W, 1990-H, 1990-C, 1990-B, 1997-W, 1997-W, 1997-H, 1997-B, 1997-C, 2002-C, 2002-B, 2002-W, 2002-W, 2002-H, 2007-C, 2007-B, 2007-W, 2007-W, 2007-H, 2009-C, 2009-W, 2009-H, 2009-W, 2009-B, 2012-H, 2012-W, 2012-B, 2012-C, 2012-W, 2017-W, 2017-C, 2017-B, 2017-M, 2017-H, 2017-W
  • Kenya: 1989-C, 1989-W, 1989-B, 1993-W, 1993-H, 1993-C, 1993-M, 1993-B, 1998-M, 1998-W, 1998-H, 1998-B, 1998-C, 1998-W, 2003-B, 2003-C, 2003-M, 2003-W, 2003-H, 2008-C, 2008-B, 2008-M, 2008-W, 2008-H, 2014-W, 2014-H, 2014-M, 2014-B, 2014-C
  • Lesotho: 2004-C, 2004-B, 2004-W, 2004-M, 2004-H, 2009-W, 2009-C, 2009-B, 2009-M, 2009-H, 2014-H, 2014-M, 2014-B, 2014-C, 2014-W
  • Madagascar: 1992-C, 1992-B, 1992-W, 1992-H, 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-B, 1997-H, 2003-W, 2003-C, 2003-W, 2003-B, 2003-M, 2003-H, 2008-H, 2008-B, 2008-C, 2008-W, 2008-M
  • Malawi: 1992-H, 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-M, 1992-B, 2000-W, 2000-H, 2000-M, 2000-B, 2000-C, 2004-B, 2004-H, 2004-W, 2004-M, 2004-C, 2010-C, 2010-M, 2010-W, 2010-H, 2010-B, 2016-M, 2016-H, 2016-B, 2016-C, 2016-W
  • Mali: 1987-W, 1987-M, 1987-C, 1987-B, 1995-W, 1995-H, 1995-M, 1995-B, 1995-C, 2001-C, 2001-B, 2001-M, 2001-H, 2001-W, 2006-C, 2006-B, 2006-M, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2012-C, 2012-H, 2012-M, 2012-W, 2012-B, 2018-W, 2018-C, 2018-B, 2018-M, 2018-H, 2018-W
  • Morocco: 1987-W, 1987-C, 1987-B, 1992-W, 1992-C, 1992-B, 1992-H, 1992-W, 2003-W, 2003-C, 2003-B, 2003-H, 2003-W
  • Mozambique: 1997-W, 1997-C, 1997-H, 1997-B, 1997-M, 2003-W, 2003-W, 2003-H, 2003-M, 2003-B, 2003-C, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-C, 2011-H, 2011-W
  • Myanmar: 2015-C, 2015-W, 2015-B, 2015-M, 2015-H, 2015-W
  • Namibia: 1992-C, 1992-H, 1992-B, 1992-W, 2000-W, 2000-C, 2000-H, 2000-B, 2000-M, 2006-B, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-M, 2006-C, 2006-W, 2013-B, 2013-M, 2013-C, 2013-W, 2013-H, 2013-W
  • Nepal: 1996-H, 1996-C, 1996-W, 1996-B, 2001-W, 2001-M, 2001-H, 2001-B, 2001-C, 2006-C, 2006-B, 2006-W, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-M, 2011-C, 2011-B, 2011-W, 2011-M, 2011-W, 2011-H, 2016-W, 2016-H, 2016-M, 2016-B, 2016-C, 2016-W
  • Niger: 1992-W, 1992-H, 1992-C, 1992-M, 1992-B, 1998-W, 1998-H, 1998-M, 1998-B, 1998-C, 2006-B, 2006-C, 2006-M, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-W, 2012-C, 2012-B, 2012-M, 2012-W, 2012-H, 2012-W
  • Nigeria: 1990-C, 1990-W, 1990-B, 1990-H, 1999-W, 1999-M, 1999-C, 1999-H, 1999-B, 2003-W, 2003-C, 2003-B, 2003-H, 2003-M, 2008-H, 2008-B, 2008-W, 2008-C, 2008-M, 2013-M, 2013-W, 2013-H, 2013-C, 2013-B, 2018-H, 2018-W, 2018-M, 2018-B, 2018-C, 2018-W
  • Pakistan: 1991-W, 1991-M, 1991-C, 1991-H, 1991-B, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2006-B, 2006-C, 2012-B, 2012-C, 2012-H, 2012-W, 2012-M, 2012-W, 2017-W, 2017-C, 2017-B, 2017-M, 2017-H, 2017-W
  • Rwanda: 1992-C, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1992-H, 1992-M, 2000-W, 2000-W, 2000-C, 2000-H, 2000-B, 2000-M, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-M, 2005-W, 2005-B, 2005-C, 2008-H, 2008-M, 2008-B, 2008-C, 2008-W, 2010-H, 2010-W, 2010-W, 2010-C, 2010-M, 2010-B, 2014-W, 2014-C, 2014-H, 2014-M, 2014-W, 2014-B
  • Senegal: 1986-W, 1986-B, 1986-C, 1992-W, 1992-M, 1992-H, 1992-B, 1992-C, 1997-C, 1997-M, 1997-W, 1997-H, 1997-B, 2005-B, 2005-M, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-C, 2010-H, 2010-M, 2010-C, 2010-B, 2010-W, 2012-H, 2012-B, 2012-C, 2012-W, 2014-H, 2014-W, 2014-M, 2014-W, 2014-C, 2014-B, 2015-H, 2015-W, 2015-C, 2015-B, 2015-M, 2016-B, 2016-C, 2016-W, 2016-H, 2016-M, 2017-H, 2017-W, 2017-M, 2017-B, 2017-C, 2017-W
  • South Africa: 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-H, 2016-W, 2016-C, 2016-B, 2016-M, 2016-H, 2016-W
  • Tanzania: 1991-W, 1991-H, 1991-C, 1991-M, 1991-B, 1996-W, 1996-H, 1996-M, 1996-B, 1996-C, 1999-C, 1999-B, 1999-H, 1999-M, 1999-W, 2004-C, 2004-B, 2004-W, 2004-H, 2004-M, 2004-W, 2010-M, 2010-H, 2010-C, 2010-W, 2010-B, 2015-M, 2015-B, 2015-C, 2015-H, 2015-W
  • Togo: 1988-W, 1988-C, 1988-B, 1998-W, 1998-C, 1998-B, 1998-M, 1998-H, 2013-W, 2013-C, 2013-B, 2013-H, 2013-M
  • Uganda: 1988-W, 1988-C, 1988-B, 1995-W, 1995-H, 1995-C, 1995-M, 1995-B, 2001-H, 2001-W, 2001-M, 2001-B, 2001-C, 2001-W, 2006-B, 2006-C, 2006-M, 2006-W, 2006-W, 2006-H, 2011-C, 2011-B, 2011-M, 2011-H, 2011-W, 2011-W, 2016-W, 2016-W, 2016-H, 2016-M, 2016-B, 2016-C
  • Zambia: 1992-C, 1992-H, 1992-W, 1992-B, 1996-W, 1996-H, 1996-C, 1996-M, 1996-B, 2001-M, 2001-H, 2001-B, 2001-W, 2001-C, 2007-B, 2007-H, 2007-W, 2007-M, 2007-C, 2013-M, 2013-W, 2013-B, 2013-H, 2013-C, 2018-W, 2018-C, 2018-B, 2018-M, 2018-H, 2018-W
  • Zimbabwe: 1988-W, 1988-C, 1988-B, 1994-W, 1994-W, 1994-H, 1994-M, 1994-B, 1994-C, 1999-C, 1999-B, 1999-H, 1999-M, 1999-W, 2005-C, 2005-B, 2005-H, 2005-W, 2005-M, 2010-C, 2010-H, 2010-M, 2010-W, 2010-B, 2015-H, 2015-M, 2015-B, 2015-C, 2015-W