DVPLSEVER
(D106)Codes and Frequencies
Description
For women who were randomly selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and were ever married or lived with a man, DVPLSEVER (D106) indicates whether the woman ever experienced "less severe" violence from her husband/partner. The specific acts that are considered "less severe" vary across samples. See the "Comparability" tab for more information.
The complementary variable DVPMSEVER indicates the woman's experience with "more severe" violence from a husband or partner.
Comparability — Index
Comparability
DVPLSEVER (D106) indicates whether the woman has a "Yes" response to any one of several variables about specific acts of violence. The constituent variables used to construct DVPLSEVER vary across samples. Please consult the relevant variable descriptions for each of the constituent variables listed below for a discussion of their own cross-sample comparability issues:
The majority of samples use DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER. However, a large portion of samples vary from this norm by excluding DVPTWIST or by including DVPKICK. Users of DVPLSEVER should be careful to read the discussion on their specific samples when using this variable. Unless otherwise mentioned below, users can assume that DVPLSEVER uses DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST as constitutive variables.
It should be noted that the DHS classification of certain acts as "less severe" violence differs from the classificatory scheme put forward by researchers from the World Health Organization (WHO). Garcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, and Watts propose the following division (with relevant IPUMS-DHS variables following in parentheses) in a widely cited 2006 paper WHO classification of violence (Garcia-Moreno et al., 2006):
Moderate Violence
Researchers who wish to adopt the WHO definitions may construct their own variables based on the above scheme to indicate experience with moderate or severe violence, rather than using DVPLSEVER and DVPMSEVER.
Comparability - Standard DHS
The variables used to construct DVPLSEVER (D106) are not included in the standard DHS questionnaire for any phase, but they are based on questions included in phases IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII of the standard domestic violence module.
Comparability — Burkina Faso [top]
Burkina Faso 2010 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Cambodia [top]
Cambodia 2000 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Cambodia 2000 excludes DVPTWIST as a constituent variable. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Colombia [top]
The Colombia 2005 survey only includes women who experienced less severe violence in the past year within this variable. Women who only experienced less severe violence before the past year were not included marked "yes" for this variable, limiting comparability between samples.
Colombia 2000 and 2005 exclude DVPTWIST as a constituent variable, and instead include both DVPKICK and DVPBITE, whether the woman was bitten by her husband/partner, to construct this variable.
Colombia 2010 excludes DVPTWIST as a constituent variable and instead includes DVPBITE to construct this variable.
Colombia 2015 excludes DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Cote d'Ivoire [top]
Côte dâIvoire 2011 excludes DVPTWIST as a constituent variable. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Egypt [top]
Egypt 2005 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Ghana [top]
Ghana 2008 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Haiti [top]
Haiti 2000 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Honduras [top]
Honduras 2005 adds DVEHUMIL and DVETHREAT as constituent variables and excludes DVPTWIST and DVPSLAP. Although DVPPUSH is included as a constituent variable, the survey only asks about whether the womanâs partner threw something at her, thus further limiting potential comparability.
Comparability — Jordan [top]
The 2007 Jordan survey adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
The 2012 Jordan survey does not share the 2007 Jordan survey's constituent variable discrepancy, and they align with the majority of samples in using DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER.
Comparability — Kenya [top]
Kenya 2003 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Kenya 2008, 2014, and 2022 do not share Kenya 2003's constituent variable discrepancy, and aligns with the majority of samples in using DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER.
Comparability — Malawi [top]
Malawi 2004 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
The 2010 and 2016 Malawi samples do not share the 2004 Malawi sample's constituent variable discrepancy, and they align with the majority of samples in using DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER.
Comparability — Mali [top]
Mali 2006 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Moldova [top]
Moldova 2005 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Peru [top]
Peru 2000 includes only DVPPUSH as a constituent variable. DVPTWIST, DVPSLAP, and DVPPUNCH are excluded as constituent variables.
Peru 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 exclude DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — South Africa [top]
The 2016 South Africa sample uses DVPPUSH only to construct DVPLSEVER.
The 2016 South Africa survey asks about the respondent's current or most recent spouse, live-in partner, or boyfriend.
Comparability — Zimbabwe [top]
Zimbabwe 2005 excludes DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Zimbabwe 2010 and 2015 do not share Zimbabwe 2005's constituent variable discrepancy, and aligns with the majority of samples in using DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER.
Universe
- Afghanistan 2015: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Angola 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Armenia 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Azerbaijan 2006: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Bangladesh 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Benin 2017: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man, in households selected for the men's survey.
- Burkina Faso 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Burkina Faso 2021: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module, and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Burundi 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cambodia 2000: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Cambodia 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cambodia 2014: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cambodia 2021: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module, and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Cameroon 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cameroon 2018: Women age 15-64 who were selected and itnerviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Chad 2014: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man, in households selected for the men's survey.
- Colombia 2000: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Colombia 2005: Women age 13-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Colombia 2010: Women age 13-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Colombia 2015: Women age 13-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Comoros 2012: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2007: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cote d'Ivoire 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cote d'Ivoire 2021: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Dominican Republic 2002: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Dominican Republic 2007: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Dominican Republic 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Egypt 2005: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Egypt 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Ethiopia 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Gabon 2012: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Gabon 2019: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Gambia 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Gambia 2019: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Ghana 2008: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Ghana 2022: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module, and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Guatemala 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Haiti 2000: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Haiti 2006: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Haiti 2012: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Haiti 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Honduras 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Honduras 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- India 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been in a consummated marriage.
- India 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been in a consummated marriage.
- India 2019: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been in a consummated marriage.
- Jordan 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Jordan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Jordan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Jordan 2023: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Kenya 2003: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man (excluding widows).
- Kenya 2008: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Kenya 2014: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man, in households selected for the long questionnaire.
- Kenya 2022: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Kyrgyz Republic 2012: Women age 16-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Lesotho 2023: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module, and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Liberia 2007: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Liberia 2019: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Madagascar 2021: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Malawi 2004: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man (excluding widows).
- Malawi 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Malawi 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Maldives 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mali 2006: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mali 2012: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mali 2018: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mauritania 2021: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Moldova 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mozambique 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mozambique 2022: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module, and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Myanmar 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married.
- Namibia 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nepal 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nepal 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nepal 2022: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Nigeria 2008: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nigeria 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nigeria 2018: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Pakistan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Pakistan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Papua New Guinea 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Peru 2000: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Peru 2006: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Peru 2009: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Peru 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Peru 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Peru 2012: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Philippines 2008: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Philippines 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Philippines 2017: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Philippines 2022: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module, and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Rwanda 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Rwanda 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Rwanda 2014: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Rwanda 2019: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Sao Tome 2008: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Senegal 2017: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Senegal 2018: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Senegal 2019: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Sierra Leone 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Sierra Leone 2019: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- South Africa 2016: Women age 18-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a partner, or have ever had a boyfriend.
- Tajikistan 2012: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Tajikistan 2017: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Tanzania 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Tanzania 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Tanzania 2022: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module, and have ever been married, lived with, or in an intimate relationship with a man.
- Timor-Leste 2009: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Timor-Leste 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Togo 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Uganda 2006: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Uganda 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Uganda 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Ukraine 2007: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zambia 2007: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zambia 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zambia 2018: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zimbabwe 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zimbabwe 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zimbabwe 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
