Codes and Frequencies
Description
For women who were randomly selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and were ever married or lived with a man, DVPLSEVER (D106) indicates whether the woman ever experienced "less severe" violence from her husband/partner. The specific acts that are considered "less severe" vary across samples. See the "Comparability" tab for more information.
The complementary variable DVPMSEVER indicates the woman's experience with "more severe" violence from a husband or partner.
Comparability — Index
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GENERAL Burkina Faso Cote d'Ivoire Egypt |
Ghana Jordan Kenya Malawi |
Mali South Africa Zimbabwe |
Comparability
DVPLSEVER (D106) indicates whether the woman has a "Yes" response to any one of several variables about specific acts of violence. The constituent variables used to construct DVPLSEVER vary across samples. Please consult the relevant variable descriptions for each of the constituent variables listed below for a discussion of their own cross-sample comparability issues:
The majority of samples use DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER. However, a large portion of samples vary from this norm by excluding DVPTWIST or by including DVPKICK. Users of DVPLSEVER should be careful to read the discussion on their specific samples when using this variable. Unless otherwise mentioned below, users can assume that DVPLSEVER uses DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST as constitutive variables.
It should be noted that the DHS classification of certain acts as "less severe" violence differs from the classificatory scheme put forward by researchers from the World Health Organization (WHO). Garcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, and Watts propose the following division (with relevant IPUMS-DHS variables following in parentheses) in a widely cited 2006 paper here:
Moderate Violence
Researchers who wish to adopt the WHO definitions may construct their own variables based on the above scheme to indicate experience with moderate or severe violence, rather than using DVPLSEVER and DVPMSEVER.
Comparability - Standard DHS
The variables used to construct DVPLSEVER (D106) are not included in the standard DHS questionnaire for any phase, but they are based on questions included in phases IV, V, VI, and VII of the standard domestic violence module.
Comparability — Burkina Faso [top]
Burkina Faso 2010 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Cote d'Ivoire [top]
Côte d’Ivoire 2011 excludes DVPTWIST as a constituent variable. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Egypt [top]
Egypt 2005 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Ghana [top]
Ghana 2008 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable.
Comparability — Jordan [top]
The 2007 Jordan survey adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
The 2012 Jordan survey does not share the 2007 Jordan survey's constituent variable discrepancy, and they align with the majority of samples in using DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER.
Comparability — Kenya [top]
Kenya 2003 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Kenya 2008 and 2014 do not share Kenya 2003's constituent variable discrepancy, and aligns with the majority of samples in using DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER.
Comparability — Malawi [top]
Malawi 2004 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
The 2010 and 2016 Malawi samples do not share the 2004 Malawi sample's constituent variable discrepancy, and they align with the majority of samples in using DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER.
Comparability — Mali [top]
Mali 2006 adds DVPKICK as a constituent variable and excludes DVPTWIST. However, DVPSLAP for this sample asks about whether the woman's partner slapped her or twisted her arm, thus potentially resolving discrepancies that may come from excluding DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Comparability — South Africa [top]
The 2016 South Africa sample uses DVPPUSH only to construct DVPLSEVER.
The 2016 South Africa survey asks about the respondent's current or most recent spouse, live-in partner, or boyfriend.
Comparability — Zimbabwe [top]
Zimbabwe 2005 excludes DVPTWIST as a constituent variable.
Zimbabwe 2010 and 2015 do not share Zimbabwe 2005's constituent variable discrepancy, and aligns with the majority of samples in using DVPPUSH, DVPSLAP, DVPPUNCH, and DVPTWIST to construct DVPLSEVER.
Universe
- Afghanistan 2015: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Angola 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Bangladesh 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Benin 2017: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man, in households selected for the men's survey.
- Burkina Faso 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Burundi 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cameroon 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cameroon 2018: Women age 15-64 who were selected and itnerviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Chad 2014: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man, in households selected for the men's survey.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2007: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Congo (Democratic Republic) 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Cote d'Ivoire 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Egypt 2005: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Egypt 2014: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Ethiopia 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Ghana 2008: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- India 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been in a consummated marriage.
- India 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been in a consummated marriage.
- Jordan 2007: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Jordan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Jordan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Kenya 2003: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man (excluding widows).
- Kenya 2008: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Kenya 2014: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man, in households selected for the long questionnaire.
- Liberia 2007: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Malawi 2004: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man (excluding widows).
- Malawi 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Malawi 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mali 2006: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mali 2012: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mali 2018: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Mozambique 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Myanmar 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married.
- Namibia 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nepal 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nepal 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nigeria 2008: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nigeria 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Nigeria 2018: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Pakistan 2012: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Pakistan 2017: Ever-married women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module.
- Rwanda 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Rwanda 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Rwanda 2014: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Senegal 2017: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- South Africa 2016: Women age 18-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a partner, or have ever had a boyfriend.
- Tanzania 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Tanzania 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Togo 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Uganda 2006: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Uganda 2011: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Uganda 2016: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zambia 2007: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zambia 2013: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zambia 2018: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zimbabwe 2005: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zimbabwe 2010: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
- Zimbabwe 2015: Women age 15-49 who were selected and interviewed for the domestic violence module and have ever been married or lived with a man.
